core: enforce recursion depth limits when parsing function parameters and arguments

[jdymitarai]

Root Cause

While recursion depth tracking was introduced in Parser functions, parseParams did not check current_depth >= MAX_PARSER_DEPTH before processing arguments, and call sites in parseBind, parseObjectRemainder, maybeParseGreedy, and parseInfix passed current_depth without incrementing it. This permitted deeply nested function parameter lists and call arguments to consume unbounded stack frames, resulting in stack overflow crashes (SIGSEGV).

Fix Approach

Add a recursion depth guard in Parser::parseParams and increment current_depth when dispatching parseParams and parseArgs across binding and infix expression parsing.

Verification

• Added TestMaxDepthLimit in core/parser_test.cpp verifying that deeply nested brackets, parentheses, and unary expressions trigger static parse depth errors cleanly.
• Verified that flat iterative operations (binary arithmetic and chained indexing) continue parsing without false positive depth limit errors.
• Verified with Semgrep (0 security issues).

Fixes #1116