sqlite: throw on oversized string values

[araujogui]

SQLite serves TEXT up to SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH (1e9 by default), past what
V8 can represent as a string. String::NewFromUtf8() returns an empty
handle without throwing, and the user-defined function path then called
SetIgnoreNextSQLiteError(true) as if a JavaScript exception were
pending, so the SQLite error was discarded too.

db.exec('INSERT INTO t VALUES (myfn(hex(zeroblob(300000000))))');
// returned normally; myfn never ran; nothing was inserted

db.prepare('SELECT hex(zeroblob(300000000))').get();
// undefined - indistinguishable from "no row"

Utf8StringMaybeOneByte() now throws ERR_STRING_TOO_LONG when the
value exceeds String::kMaxLength, which covers both the UDF arguments
and the column reads that share it. The suppression in
THROW_ERR_SQLITE_ERROR() is gated on an actually pending exception so
it can no longer turn a failed statement into a success.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/sqlite

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 90.27%. Comparing base (bfb84d3) to head (1a27d49).
⚠️ Report is 31 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #66209      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.28%   90.27%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         790      790              
  Lines      272043   272888     +845     
  Branches    51938    52108     +170     
==========================================
+ Hits       245611   246356     +745     
- Misses      16930    16989      +59     
- Partials     9502     9543      +41     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_sqlite.cc	82.02% <100.00%> (-0.10%)	⬇️

... and 40 files with indirect coverage changes

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